Assume that an individual’s happiness is determined by how many “happiness units” they possess, and that they generate happiness units from positive experiences in their lives. Assume further that these happiness units can be bought and sold as if they were tradable commodities.

Mohammad bin Salman (known as ‘MbS’) is the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia and the country’s Deputy Prime Minister. He has held these positions since 2017, following the decision of his father (and the Prime Minister) King Salman to strip Muhammad bin Nayef, the King’s nephew, of the positions. This makes MbS the heir-designate to the throne, although even now is widely viewed as the power behind the throne.
He has led a number of social and economic reforms within the country, including the removal of the ban on female drivers and opening up the country to international tourists.
He has also been implicated in the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, a Saudi dissident and journalist.
In November 2017, an anti-corruption committee led by MbS facilitated the arrests of a number of prominent Saudi Arabian princes, government ministers, and business people.

The National African American Gun Association is an organisation which aims to introduce black Americans to guns and also instruct them on how to use them.

Confucianism is a system of ethics which stresses the importance of correct behaviour, tradition, and upholding moral values. The practice and teaching of Confucianism was outlawed in China under the Maoist regime, in particular during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. It has recently experienced a revival in China, both organically, and due to its rehabilitation by the Chinese Communist Party.

A depositor is someone who deposits money with a bank. Typically, when you deposit a sum of money with a bank, that bank owes a debt to you for an amount equal to that sum.
A creditor is someone to whom others owes a debt (for instance, if A takes out a $10 loan from B, then B is a creditor of A).
Bail-outs and bail-ins are two methods of rescuing financial institutions when they are distressed (e.g. during a financial crisis). They are not mutually exclusive, but nations typically elect to implement one or the other as their primary response to financial crises.
Bail-outs involve governments providing assistance to financial institutions when they are at risk of failing. They typically include measures such as subsidies; the provision of low-interest loans by central banks; and the purchase and insurance of toxic assets by governments. An example of a bail-out is the US$700bn bailout package provided by the US Treasury to failing banks during the 2008 Financial Crisis.
Bail-ins, on the other hand, aim to assist at-risk financial institutions by using the money of their creditors, depositors and shareholders. They typically involve measures such as: Writing down or cancelling debts owed by financial institutions to their creditors and depositors; converting some debts owed by financial institutions into equity (e.g. shares) in those institutions, thereby diluting the value of pre-existing shares; and/or cancelling some shares in financial institutions.
Bail-ins were used to rescue banks in Cyprus during the 2012-13 Cypriot financial crisis. Following the passing of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2010, they now also form part of the default measures to be used in the United States in the event of a financial crisis.